Sun Protection All Year Long

As summer heat transitions into cooler autumn days, for many of us, this means we're spending more time outdoors; enjoying sporting events, long walks with our canine companions, and the music and food at fall festivals.  

According to the American Academy of Dermatology, seeking shade, wearing sun-protective clothing — including a lightweight and long-sleeved shirt, pants, a wide-brimmed hat, and sunglasses with UV protection — and wearing sunscreen on all skin not covered by clothing — are all important behaviors to reduce your risk of skin cancer. Sunscreen products are regulated as over-the-counter drugs by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Scientific evidence supports the benefits of sun protection, including using sunscreen to minimize short-term and long-term damage to the skin from the sun’s rays.

Who needs sunscreen?

Everyone. Sunscreen use can help prevent skin cancer by protecting you from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays. Anyone can get skin cancer, regardless of age, gender, or skin tone. In fact, it is estimated that one in five Americans will develop skin cancer in their lifetime.¹ Sunscreen can also help prevent premature skin aging, such as wrinkles and age spots, caused by too much unprotected UV exposure.^2-4

What sunscreen should I use?

The American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) recommends that everyone use sunscreen that offers the following:

• Broad-spectrum protection (protects against UVA and UVB rays)

• SPF 30 or higher

• Water resistance

A sunscreen that offers the above helps to protect your skin from sunburn, early skin aging,^3,4 and skin cancer. However, sunscreen alone cannot fully protect you. In addition to wearing sunscreen on skin not covered by clothing, dermatologists recommend taking the following steps to protect your skin.

• Seek shade. The sun’s rays are strongest between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. If your shadow is shorter than you are, seek shade.^5,6

• Wear sun-protective clothing such as a lightweight and long-sleeved shirt, pants, a wide-brimmed hat, and sunglasses with UV protection, when possible. For more effective sun protection, select clothing with an ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) number on the label.

• Avoid tanning beds. Ultraviolet light from the sun and tanning beds can cause skin cancer and wrinkling.^3,7,8 If you want to look tan, you may wish to use a self-tanning product, but continue to use sunscreen with it.

• Use extra caution near water, snow, and sand as they reflect the damaging rays of the sun, which can increase your chance of sunburn.⁹

When should I use sunscreen?

You should apply sunscreen every day on skin not covered by clothing if you will be outside. The sun emits harmful UV rays year-round. Even on cloudy days, up to 80% of the sun’s harmful UV rays can penetrate the clouds.⁹

How much sunscreen should I use, and how often should I apply it?

• Apply enough sunscreen to cover all skin not covered by clothing. Most adults need about 1 ounce — or enough to fill a shot glass — to fully cover their body.

• Don't forget to apply it to the tops of your feet, your neck, your ears, and the top of your head.

• Apply sunscreen to dry skin 15 minutes before going outdoors.

• Skin cancer also can form on the lips. To protect your lips, apply a lip balm or lipstick that contains sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher.

• When outdoors, reapply sunscreen approximately every two hours, or after swimming or sweating, according to the directions on the bottle.

Broad-spectrum sunscreens protect against both UVA and UVB rays. What is the difference between the rays?

Sunlight consists of two types of harmful rays that reach the earth — UVA rays and UVB rays. Overexposure to either can lead to skin cancer. In addition to causing skin cancer, here’s what each of these rays does:

• UVA rays (or aging rays) can prematurely age your skin, causing wrinkles and age spots, and can pass through window glass.

• UVB rays (or burning rays) are the primary cause of sunburn and are blocked by window glass.

The United States Department of Health & Human Services and the World Health Organization’s International Agency of Research on Cancer have declared UV radiation from the sun and artificial sources, such as tanning beds and sun lamps, as a known carcinogen (cancer-causing substance).^8,11

There is no safe way to tan. Every time you tan, you damage your skin. As this damage builds, you speed up the aging of your skin and increase your risk for all types of skin cancer.

Do I need to protect myself from visible light from the sun?

Visible light from the sun can increase skin darkening, also known as hyperpigmentation, particularly for people with darker skin tones.¹² To protect yourself from visible light, seek shade, wear sun-protective clothing, and apply a broad-spectrum sunscreen that says “tinted” on the label and has an SPF of 30 or higher. Tinted sunscreens contain iron oxide, which research shows helps protect people’s skin against the negative effects of visible light from the sun.¹²

What type of sunscreen should I use?

The best type of sunscreen is the one you will use again and again. Just make sure it offers broad-spectrum (UVA and UVB) protection, has an SPF of 30 or higher, and is water resistant.

The kind of sunscreen you use is a matter of personal choice and may vary depending on the area of the body to be protected. Available sunscreen options include lotions, creams, gels, ointments, wax sticks, and sprays.

• Creams are best for dry skin and applying on the face.

• Gels are good for oily complexions and hairy areas, such as the scalp or male chest.

• Sticks are good to use around the eyes.

• Sprays are sometimes preferred by parents since they are easy to apply to a child’s skin. However, the challenge in using sprays is that it is difficult to know if you have used enough sunscreen to protect all sun-exposed areas of the body. To evenly cover the skin and use spray sunscreen safely, follow these tips:

  • Spray until your (or your child’s) skin glistens, then rub the sunscreen into the skin to get even coverage.

  • Do not apply spray sunscreen while you are smoking, near heat, or close to an open flame.

  • Avoid inhaling spray sunscreen by never spraying it around or near the face or mouth and not spraying it into the wind.

• Tinted sunscreens add protection against visible light, in addition to the sun’s UVA and UVB rays. Research has shown visible light can worsen dark spots caused by the sun. Tinted sunscreen that matches with your skin tone can also help you avoid the white residue or “cast” that some sunscreens leave on your skin.

• Sunscreen with insect repellant isn’t a product that the AAD recommends. Purchase and apply each product separately, as sunscreens need to be applied generously and often; however, insect repellent should be used sparingly and much less frequently.

Some moisturizers and cosmetics have SPF. While these products are convenient, remember that sunscreen needs to be reapplied approximately every two hours when you’re outdoors.

In addition, keep in mind that while some sunscreens are water resistant, no sunscreen is “waterproof” or “sweatproof.” Sunscreen manufacturers are not allowed to use these terms, as they would be misleading. When using a water-resistant sunscreen, you should reapply it after swimming or sweating.

What is the difference between chemical and physical sunscreens?

The primary difference between these sunscreens is the active ingredients they contain. If the active ingredient in your sunscreen is titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, or both, you have a physical sunscreen. Dermatologists recommend physical sunscreens, also called mineral sunscreens, for people with sensitive skin.

If your sunscreen doesn’t contain titanium dioxide or zinc oxide, you have a chemical sunscreen.

Some sunscreens are called hybrids because they contain one or more active ingredients found in chemical and physical sunscreens. To see what active ingredients your sunscreen has, look at the section on the container labeled “Active Ingredients.”

Whether you have a chemical, physical, or hybrid sunscreen, they all form a protective layer on your skin that absorbs the sun’s rays.^13,14 In addition to absorbing the sun’s rays, physical sunscreens reflect the sun’s rays.^13,14 Any of these sunscreens can effectively protect you from the sun if you select one that is broad spectrum, water resistant, and has an SPF 30 or higher.

Is a high-number SPF better than a low-number one?

Dermatologists recommend using a sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30, which blocks 97% of the sun's UVB rays. Higher-number SPFs block slightly more of the sun's UVB rays, but no sunscreen can block 100% of the sun's UVB rays.

It is also important to remember that high-number SPFs last the same amount of time as low-number SPFs. A high-number SPF does not allow you to spend additional time outdoors without reapplication. As many individuals only apply about 20–50% of the amount of sunscreen needed to achieve the amount of SPF on the label,¹⁰ application of high-SPF sunscreens helps to compensate for this under-application. Sunscreen should be reapplied approximately every two hours when outdoors, even on cloudy days, and after swimming or sweating.

Can I use the sunscreen I bought last summer, or do I need to purchase a new bottle each year? Does it lose its strength?

Dermatologists recommend using sunscreen on all skin not covered by clothing every day when you are outside, not just during the summer. If you are using sunscreen every day and in the correct amount, a bottle should not last long. If you find a bottle of sunscreen that you have not used for some time, here are some guidelines you can follow:

• The FDA requires that all sunscreens retain their original strength for at least three years.

• Some sunscreens include an expiration date. If the expiration date has passed, throw out the sunscreen.

• If you buy a sunscreen that does not have an expiration date, write the date you bought the sunscreen on the bottle. That way, you’ll know when to throw it out.

• You also can look for visible signs that the sunscreen may no longer be good. Any obvious changes in the color or consistency of the product mean it’s time to purchase a new bottle.

• Avoid leaving sunscreen containers under direct sunlight, or in a hot environment such as inside of the car, as this will speed up the rate that sunscreen ingredients break down.

Will using sunscreen limit the amount of vitamin D I get?

Using sun protection may decrease your skin’s production of vitamin D. However, the AAD recommends that healthy adults should obtain an adequate amount of Vitamin D from a diet that includes foods naturally rich in vitamin D and/or foods/beverages fortified with vitamin D. This approach gives you the vitamin D you need without increasing your risk for skin cancer.

If you are concerned that you are not getting enough vitamin D, you should discuss your options for getting vitamin D with your doctor.

For more information on vitamin D and UV exposure, check out the AAD’s vitamin D fact sheet.

Are sunscreens safe?

The FDA has regulations on sunscreens to keep consumers safe.

One of the FDA’s responsibilities is to review the safety, effectiveness, and quality of sunscreens. To ensure people’s safety, the FDA’s standards for over-the-counter (OTC) sunscreen products are very high. The FDA’s recommendations are based on current scientific evidence, and the science doesn’t show that any sunscreen ingredients currently available in the U.S. are harmful to human health.

The FDA is required to monitor OTC drugs. Part of this responsibility requires the FDA to determine which ingredients are generally regarded as safe and effective (GRASE). If the FDA considers ingredients in a sunscreen as GRASE, then the product can be manufactured without going through an FDA approval process.

The FDA is calling for more data on the following 12 ingredients before determining whether these ingredients can continue to be classified as GRASE:

• Ingredients commonly used in the U.S.: Ensulizole, octisalate, homosalate, octocrylene, octinoxate, oxybenzone, avobenzone.

• Ingredients not frequently used in the U.S.: Cinoxate, dioxybenzone, meradimate, padimate O, sulisobenzone.

While the FDA is asking for more data, it does not say that the ingredients are unsafe. It does not ask the public to stop using sunscreens that contain any of these ingredients.

A recent study by the FDA looked at four sunscreen ingredients and concluded that absorption of these ingredients into the body supported the need for additional research to determine if the absorption has any effects on a person’s health. As the researchers pointed out, just because an ingredient is absorbed into the bloodstream does not mean that it is harmful or unsafe.

Skin cancer is the most common cancer in the U.S., and unprotected exposure to the sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays is a major risk factor for skin cancer. The AAD remains committed to supporting and enhancing patient care. If you are concerned about the safety of the ingredients in your sunscreen, speak with a board-certified dermatologist to develop a sun-protection plan that works for you.

How do I treat a sunburn?

Your skin can burn if it gets too much sun without proper protection from sunscreen and clothes. To help heal and soothe stinging skin, it is important to begin treating sunburn as soon as you notice it. The first thing you should do is get out of the sun — and preferably indoors.

Once indoors, these dermatologists’ tips can help relieve the discomfort:

1. Take frequent cool baths or showers to help relieve the pain. Afterward, gently pat your skin dry.

2. Soothe your sunburn by applying moisturizer containing aloe vera or soy while your skin is still damp and whenever you feel discomfort. You can also apply calamine lotion, place a cool, damp washcloth on the affected area, or take a colloidal oatmeal bath.

3. Consider taking aspirin or ibuprofen to help reduce any swelling and discomfort from your sunburn.

4. Drink extra water. A sunburn draws fluid to the skin’s surface and away from the rest of the body. Drinking extra water when you are sunburned helps prevent dehydration.

5. Do not pop sunburn blisters. Blistering skin means you have a second-degree sunburn. Allowing blisters to heal — instead of popping them — protects you from infection. Keep blisters clean and apply petroleum jelly to protect them while they heal.

6. Protect your skin from the sun to prevent sunburn and reduce your risk of skin cancer and premature skin aging. Seek shade, wear sun-protective clothing — such as long sleeves, pants, a wide-brimmed hat, and sunglasses with UV protection. Apply a broad-spectrum, water-resistant sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher to all skin not covered by clothing.

If your sunburn gets worse, partner with the sun-protection expert, a board-certified dermatologist.

Does the AAD have a position on the environmental impact of sunscreens?

The AAD supports the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s recommendation that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) conduct an ecological risk assessment of active sunscreen ingredients to characterize possible risks to aquatic ecosystems and the species that live in them. As the report released in August 2022 makes clear, the science in this area is limited and inconclusive. In addition, the AAD supports the recommendation that studies be conducted to determine how any changes to the availability of active ingredients in sunscreen would impact human health.

It is well established that unprotected exposure to ultraviolet rays is a major risk factor for skin cancer. Since exposure to the sun’s harmful UV rays is the most preventable risk factor for skin cancer, it’s important that everyone protects their skin from the sun.

The use of sunscreen is one way to minimize short-term and long-term damage to the skin from the sun and to reduce the risk of skin cancer. In addition to applying a broad-spectrum, water-resistant sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher, the AAD also recommends that people seek shade and wear sun-protective clothing, including a lightweight and long-sleeved shirt, pants, a wide-brimmed hat, and sunglasses.

¹Stern RS. Prevalence of a history of skin cancer in 2007: results of an incidence-based model. Arch Dermatol. 2010 Mar;146(3):279-82.

²Food and Drug Administration. Sunscreen: How to Help Protect Your Skin from the Sun. Accessed February 10, 2021.

³Hughes MC, Williams GC, Baker P, Green AC; Sunscreen and Prevention of Skin Aging, a Randomized Trial. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2013;158(11):781-790.

⁴Guan LL, Lim HW, Mohammad TF. Sunscreens and Photoaging: A Review of Current Literature. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2021;22(6):819-828. doi:10.1007/s40257-021-00632-5

⁵Holloway L. Atmospheric sun protection factor on clear days: its observed dependence on solar zenith angle and its relevance to the shadow rule for sun protection. Photochem Photobiol 1992;56:229-34.

⁶Diffey BL. Time and Place as Modifiers of Personal UV Exposure. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(6):1112. Published 2018 May 30. doi:10.3390/ijerph15061112

⁷An S, Kim K, Moon S, et al. Indoor Tanning and the Risk of Overall and Early-Onset Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(23):5940. Published 2021 Nov 25. doi:10.3390/cancers13235940

⁸IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, No. 100D. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2012.

⁹Global Solar UV Index. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9241590076.

¹⁰Petersen B, Wulf HC. Application of sunscreen− theory and reality. Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine. 2014 Apr;30(2-3):96-101.

¹¹NTP (National Toxicology Program). 2021. Report on Carcinogens, Fifteenth Edition.; Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/go/roc15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22427/NTP-OTHER-1003

¹²Lyons AB, Trullas C, Kohli I, Hamzavi IH, Lim HW. Photoprotection beyond ultraviolet radiation: A review of tinted sunscreens. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;84(5):1393-1397. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2020.04.079

¹³Cole C, Shyr T, et al. “Metal oxide sunscreens protect skin by absorption, not by reflection or scattering.” Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2016 Jan;32(1):5-10.

¹⁴Zundell MP, Wong M, et al. “Letter to the editor: Improving patient communication on sunscreen choice: Updating mechanistic misconceptions.” J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol Cli. Pract. 2023;1–2.